RAS is a protein that operates as a molecular switch, toggling between an active "on- state" and an inactive "off-state" in response to growth signals received by the cell. When RAS is in the "on-state" it activates a signaling network that instructs the cell to divide. Unfortunately, 15-20% of all human tumors acquire mutations that lock the RAS switch in the "on-state". Cells with a mutant RAS switch therefore receive a constant signal to undergo cell division, resulting in the outgrowth of a tumor. The major clinical problem is with a form of RAS called KRAS that is mutated in more than 90% of pancreatic cancers, approximately 50% of colon cancers and 25% of non-small cell lung cancers. W...

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RAS is a protein that operates as a molecular switch, toggling between an active "on- state" and an inactive "off-state" in response to growth signals received by the cell. When RAS is in the "on-state" it activates a signaling network that instructs the cell to divide. Unfortunately, 15-20% of all human tumors acquire mutations that lock the RAS switch in the "on-state". Cells with a mutant RAS switch therefore receive a constant signal to undergo cell division, resulting in the outgrowth of a tumor. The major clinical problem is with a form of RAS called KRAS that is mutated in more than 90% of pancreatic cancers, approximately 50% of colon cancers and 25% of non-small cell lung cancers. We have known for over 30 years that RAS proteins are anchored to the inner surface of the cell limiting membrane, called the plasma membrane. Whilst there are currently no drugs in the clinic that directly target mutant RAS, there is a wealth of experimental data to show that KRAS must be localized to the plasma membrane in order to drive tumor growth. Our study is therefore looking for new ways of interfering with the mechanism whereby RAS binds to the plasma membrane. We have identified drugs and new drug targets that prevent the normal association of KRAS with the plasma membrane and shown that these compounds, or inhibiting these new targets, selectively kill tumor cells transformed by mutant KRAS. In this study we will figure out how these drugs work and determine whether they have clinical utility as new anti-KRAS cancer agents. One especially exciting aspect of the proposal is that some of these drugs are already being used in the clinic to treat other diseases; we will therefore investigate whether these drugs can be repurposed in novel combinations to treat KRAS cancers.

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